Surah Khaf

surah khaf 18:1 to top Sahih International [All] acclaim is [due] to Allah , who has sent downward on His Servant the Book and has not made in that any aberrance. 18:2 to top Sahih International [He has made it] straight, to caution of serious discipline from Him and to give great greetings to the adherents who carry out noble things that they will have a decent prize 18:3 to top Sahih International In which they will remain always 18:4 to top Sahih International And to caution the individuals who state, † Allah has taken a child. 18:5 to top Sahih International They have no information on it, nor had their dads. Grave is the word that comes out of their mouths; they talk not with the exception of a falsehood. 18:6 to top Sahih International Then maybe you would slaughter yourself through anguish over them, [O Muhammad], in the event that they don't have confidence in this message, [and] out of distress. 18:7 to top Sahih International Indeed, We have made what is on the earth decoration for it that We may test them [as to] which of them is best in deed. 8:8 to top Sahih International And in reality, We will make what has arrived [into] a desolate ground. 18:9 to top Sahih International Or have you felt that the allies of the cavern and the engraving were, among Our signs, a marvel? 18:10 to top Sahih International [Mention] when the adolescents withdrew to the cavern and stated, â€Å"Our Lord, award us from Yourself benevolence and plan for us from our issue right direction. â€Å"

Human Resources. The role of the workforce Essay

HR. The job of the workforce - Essay Example This paper will address two difficulties looked by business associations as sketched out by the article Slippery Slope which looked the advancing job of the human asset professional because of the auxiliary changes in organizations. The primary area will see why Ulrich's notable representative hero job is crumbling in business associations. Before the top to bottom conversation, the main area will likewise give a foundation on the four key jobs of human asset professionals as spread out by Ulrich. The subsequent segment will handle how the progressions to the activities of HR work have regularly made issues for HR professionals, line administrators and worker as a rule. This paper will likewise take a gander at explicit answers for address these issues. David Ulrich perceived the job of the human asset in promoting the pushes of business associations even with quick innovative headway, globalization, development and changing client requests. He accentuated that in the development of this hypercompetitive condition, requires an able workforce. Truth be told, he refered to that authoritative capacity can be a wellspring of upper hand in an organization. In this way, Ulrich provokes organizations to reclassify business abilities to continue and coordinate individual capabilities (Performance Management 1998) Comparable to this, Ulrich introduced f... ners ought to be key accomplices who make an interpretation of the association's systems without hesitation; authoritative specialists who construct productive business framework; worker champions who increment representative's responsibility and ability; and change operators who generously comprehend the hypothesis of progress and apply them to business associations (Performance Management 1998). Among all the four key jobs referenced over, this paper will exclusively concentrate on the representative victor job of human asset expert. Ulrich depicted this job as tuning in and reacting to workers and finding the correct harmony between the requests of representatives and assets accessible on workers. So as to do this, the organization's HR office must discover time to realize their workers well and invest energy meeting and tuning in to their interests. This job likewise incorporates advancing correspondence using worker reviews, representative proposal programs, all-worker gatherings, on-going correspondence on business status, and whatever other program that can make workers part of the group and committed to client care (The HR Philosophy 2006). These days, worker champion is likewise alluded to as representative backer. Be that as it may, as will be examined in the following passages, this job is quickly being wiped out in business association because of different changes in organization structure. As indicated by the examination led by Helen Francis and Anne Keegan, the present business structure encouraged the crumbling of the representative hero job of human asset specialists. In any case, it ought to be noticed that the crumbling of this job can be followed to current accentuation on business or vital joining forces. The creators note the quick increment in the quantity of organizations searching for HR colleagues as

Advertising Techniques to Lower Ad Spend

Advertising Techniques to Lower Ad Spend Look at the financial statements, specifically the expense reports and budget plans, of any business, and you will find that they have allocated certain significant amounts on advertising.Some may have spent more than others, while others may have done so sparingly, and that could be due to various reasons. Advertising is considered to be one of the necessary expenses of a business.In order to advertise or gain exposure for your product or brand, you have to spend some money. That is what we call Ad Spend. © Shutterstock | safriibrahimIn this article, we will 1) check what do you know about ad spend and 2) how to effectively lower your ad spend with the right advertising strategies.WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT AD SPEND?Ad Spend, which is short for “advertising expenditure,” is literally the amount of money that is spent by a business, company or organization on advertising and announcements for a product, service, brand or activity. Usually, the figure presented is on an annual basis.In this digital age, there are those who are under the impression that digital advertising expenditure should be differentiated from the expenses incurred in traditional advertisement, and the former is what truly composes what we now call ad spend. This notion is not entirely correct, because ad spend also covers spending on advertising media other than digital or online advertising.So what constitutes Ad Spend?Basically, anything that is classified as “advertising expense”. Depending on the marketing and advertising strategies of the company, it may include spending on the main advertising channels such as print (e.g. newspapers, magazines), television, and radio. If the company also advertises in movie theaters and outdoor drive-in cinemas, these expenses will also be classified as ad spend. Other forms of outdoor advertising will also fall as part of ad spend.If you look at how Procter Gamble defines it, ad spend is composed of advertising through traditional media (print and television), online advertising, in-store advertising via displays or third party vendors, and agency fees paid to advertising agencies and professionals. It excludes, however, the salaries and benefits paid to its marketers.Controlling Ads SpendingControlling business spending, in general, is easier said than done. In order to earn profit, you have to be willing to spend some money. That is a given. You cannot keep a tight grip on your company’s purse strings, refusing to spend more than you have to o r want to, and expect revenues to pour in. That is not how it works.However, this does not mean that you have to completely let go of your grip and splurge on business expenditures. You have to control your spending, and one of the areas where businesses find themselves having trouble controlling their expenses is in advertising.The first step to lowering ad spend is to set a budget and to stick to it. It is important to set a spending limit on how much you are willing to spend on advertising your products, services, brand or projects.When setting an advertising budget, some of the factors to be considered are:Advertising strategies of competitors. If competitors are spending tons of money on their advertising, does this mean you have to do the same? Not necessarily. What you have to do is study how your competitors are advertising, and where. Information on how much they are actually spending on ads may not be readily available to you, so what you can do is make an estimate out of your observation of their advertising. You may use that estimate as your benchmark, and find ways to be competitive without necessarily matching their cost.Your company’s advertising objectives. What do you want to achieve by the end of the year? Do you want to increase the number of customers you have by 15%? How much revenue do you expect to earn from this? The estimate may then be used to set a budget for advertising.Your previous years’ ads spending. If your business has been operating for several years already, you can use historical information. How much have you spent on advertising in the past three to five years? Were you satisfied with the results of incurring such costs? Do you need to increase or decrease your ads spending? By what fraction?Budgeting is not the only way for you to control ads spending, since you may also employ advertising techniques to reduce this type of expense.Get some overview on the biggest advertising channels, advertising trends, and benchmar ks from the following slides.[slideshare id=50977127doc=digitaladspendingbenchmarksbyindustry-thecompleteemarketerseriesfor2015-150727161827-lva1-app6892type=dw=640h=330]HOW TO LOWER AD SPEND THROUGH ADVERTISINGA. Evaluate your advertising placements or locationsYou may not know it, but you may be spending your advertising budget on an area or location where you do not have customers. Think about it. You are selling winter clothes, but a great chunk of your advertising is spent in a country that does not even have winter or snow. That’s a huge waste of ad spend right there.From the market studies and research you conducted when starting the business, you already know who your target market is â€" geographically and demographically. These are the areas and groups of people that you should target with your advertising.More often than not, the location considerations will include the following:The country or nation where your target consumers are.The state in the country where your t arget consumers live in.The specific city or cities where your consumers are.Be as specific as you can. You want to be able to reach as many of your potential customers as you can.By identifying and evaluating the locations of your target market, you can choose where to spend the bulk of your ads spending, and where to spend less. It is time to pull out all winter wear ads from that tropical country and turn them instead to your customers in the North.The same is true when considering physical placement of ad signs and materials. A LED screen featuring footage of a product ad situated overlooking a major intersection or thoroughfare will definitely cost more than a simple poster hung on a sidewalk in a sidestreet. Again, consider the product and the market.If your target customers do not really frequent that thoroughfare and they are more the type to walk through that sidewalk, it won’t make sense to spend thousands of dollars on a billboard or LED screen advertisement.B. Evaluate your advertising timing or schedulingHow often, and how long, do you run your ads? Is it 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 4 weeks a month, 365 days of the year? While this idea gives your advertising department an easy time, since they will just let them run without bothering to work out a schedule, it may be costing you.There are periods known as downtimes, where the ads are not generating clicks. Or, even if they are generating clicks, there are no significant conversions that come out of these clicks. Running ads during these periods is a waste of resources.In social media advertising, run your campaign at times when your target market is online. There is no point running your ads when the people you are trying to reach are not there, to begin with. If you are a company with customers living in a different time zone, make sure you run the campaign when they are awake on the other side of the world. This may require some sacrifice on your part, as you have to be awake when everyone on your time zone is asleep, but that is unavoidable.Change it up a little. Maybe you thought your ad has killer content. “Nobody could possibly resist it” or “they are definitely going to like it and be intrigued by it”. Well, that kind of thinking may not last. Target markets are naturally fickle and may have short attention spans, so they may end up being bored after being exposed to the same ad for a specific period. That’s why it is a good idea to have several versions of the ads, so you can offer variety. You do not want your target market to get tired of you too quickly.Do not get too attached. This is somehow related to the previous tip. No matter how much you believe in the content of your ad, there will come a time when you have to face facts and admit that it is no longer engaging the market. It has already run its course and now performing poorly, which means it is only wasting your ad spend. Pull it out and replace it with something new, instead of spending y our advertising budget on something that is no longer generating any return.Once you have identified the times when clicks and conversions are high, you know which schedule to run your paid ads on. That way, you do not waste precious ad spend on advertisements that will not result in any clicks or conversions.Your choice is to either not run ads at all during those times, or you may continue to run them, but negotiate for lower ad or bid rates. Doing this will help reduce at least 5% of ad spend.C. Evaluate ad content usedIt is the content of your advertisement that will catch the attention of your target market. If they are not catchy enough, or do not pique their interest, then there is no way that they will be convinced to look at it a second time, click on it, or even act on it.Review images and words used. For this, you may need to consult with your advertising experts on picking which images should be used, and what words should appear on your ads. Do not fall victim to verbos e tendencies, where you pack too much information on an ad, turning it into a short novel or a short story.Evaluate search terms and keywords. It is possible that you are paying for clicks that are not related to your business. For example, a flower shop may pay for the phrase-match keywords “free delivery”. This key phrase may then trigger other search terms, such as “pizza free delivery”, “Chinese food free delivery”, and the like. Your ad spend is basically covering all these clicks as well, and the fact that they are not contributing to your business means you are wasting your money. When picking search terms, choose terms that relate specifically to your business, so you will avoid wasting ad spend.Rethink the size of your ads. Ad size also means money. In the Yellow Pages, magazines and newspapers, the bigger the size of your ad is, the higher price you will have to pay. Find a way to decrease the size of your ad without sacrificing content and visibility.D. Go dig italThis is something that many business â€" especially the conservative and traditional ones â€" are still apprehensive about. Many are still dubious about the idea that digital advertising costs less than traditional advertising. Considering that technology is the main tool used, how can that be possible?While it is true that traditional advertising â€" print and broadcast â€" still makes up the bulk of the whole advertising pie, internet advertising is steadily growing, spurred further by mobile technology advancing at a fast clip. Online ads are now viewed, and clicks and conversions are made, not only in desktop PCs and laptops, but also in smartphones and mobile devices.By going digital and taking your advertising online, you will be spending less than what you company is currently incurring on usual advertising channels such as television, radio, magazine, newspapers, and the Yellow Pages. In fact, more and more users are even choosing to go online rather than browse through the Yellow Pages, so you can be sure that moving your ad spend in the Yellow Pages to online advertising will not be a waste.The reach of online advertising is also greater than, say, television, which may only be local or national. Advertise on national TV, and the ads will only run in the country. Advertise online, and you can reach your customers in other countries as well.E. Perform regular organic tests on your social media adsWhat you may be doing is this: you pick one or two ads that you like and feel will work to promote your product and your brand. Then you immediately use these two ads on your paid social media campaigns.You will be commended for your bravery and confidence. But it is not an assurance that you were putting your advertising money to good use. Why? Because you did not test whether the ads that you chose â€" and paid for â€" are the ones that will engage your target market the most.Now here is what you should do when we say you should test your social media a ds organically:First, decide on the content that you want to appear in the ad. Be selective; do not pack it all in; otherwise you will have an ad that looks too stuffy and all over the place.Create the ad â€" several versions of it. If you can create more than three, or even more than five, go for it. You can use different images, messaging techniques, and aesthetics, but always focusing on the same content.Publish the different versions of your ad to your social media profiles at the same time. Simultaneously, if you can. This will take some time, and may normally run over a few weeks.Monitor the published or posted ads and identify the one that generated the highest number of click-throughs. Which ad, and which version, garnered the highest engagement? Which post performed the best?The posts or published ads that registered the highest engagement will be the ones that you should use on your paid social advertisements. These are the posts worth spending your advertising budget on. F. Monitor campaigns regularlyThis is where many companies unknowingly hemorrhage ad spend. They picked an ad, they spent on it, let it run, then leave it at that. They just let the ad “do its work”, without following up on whether it is actually working, or if it continues to work.Ads, especially on social media, have a very short life spans. Its lifecycle is fairly quick, which is to be expected, considering how quickly the movement is in social media. What you post today may be buried by other, newer, posted ads tomorrow. Therefore, vigilance is required, and monitoring is of utmost importance.The great thing about monitoring is how you will be kept on your toes. The moment you realize that an ad is not working, or its engagement is in a decline, you can quickly figure out the reason why and act on it promptly. Being able to catch it early means you can make the adjustments earlier, and prevent your advertising funds from being drained. G. Split or piggybackAnother way to low er your ads spending is to split advertising costs with companies or entities that sell to you, or that you use as a distribution channel. Collaboration in your advertising may reduce your spending on advertising.Similarly, you know when consumers receive their bills or other flyers, and there are other brochures thrown in? That is called “piggybacking”. If you can find a way to piggyback with flyers of your own, offering to pitch in on the advertising cost, that will save you on your ads spending.Prioritization is one of the things that you have to learn if you want to minimize or reduce your spending on advertising. Choose the ones that work, and prioritize them. It is through identifying which you should pour your advertising budget on that you can get started on a more streamlined ad spend, and use your resources on what matters most.

Tips for Teachers to Avoid Compromising Situations

Educators are often looked upon to be moral leaders for a community. They have such a profound impact on and contact with youth that they are often held to higher moral standards than the average person. They are expected to avoid compromising situations. Whether you agree or disagree with this sentiment, it is still a reality and one that should be taken into consideration for anyone thinking about becoming a teacher. It seems like you cannot open a newspaper or watch the news without seeing another educator that failed to avoid a compromising situation. These situations do not typically occur on whimsy, but instead, develop over a period of time. They almost always begin because the educator lacked good judgment and put themselves in a compromising situation. The situation continues and progresses for many different reasons. It likely could have been avoided if the educator would have acted rationally and worked to avoid the initial compromising situation. Educators would avoid 99% of these situations if they simply use good common sense. Once they make the initial error in judgment, it is almost impossible to correct the mistake without there being consequences. Educators cannot put themselves in a compromising situation. You must be proactive in avoiding these situations. There are several simple strategies to protect you from losing your career and going through unnecessary personal strife. Avoid Social Media Society is bombarded by social media every single day. Sites such as Facebook and Twitter will not be going away anytime soon. These sites offer all users the unique chance to allow friends and family to stay connected. The majority of students have one or multiple social media accounts, and they are on them all the time. Educators have to be careful when creating and using their own personal social media accounts. The first and most important rule is that students should never be accepted as friends or allowed to follow your personal site. It is a disaster waiting to happen. If for nothing else, students do not need to know all the personal information made readily available when given access to your site. Document/Report Situation if Unavoidable On occasion, there are some situations that cannot be avoided. This is especially true for coaches or coaches who may students waiting to be picked up when they are finished. Eventually, only one could be left. In that case, the coach/tutor could choose to go sit out in the car by themselves while the student waits at the doors inside the building. It would still be advantageous to let the building principal know the next morning and to document the situation, just to cover themselves. Never Be Truly Alone There are times when it may seem necessary to be alone with a student, but there is almost always a way to avoid it. If you need to have a conference with a student, especially with a student of the opposite sex, it is always wise to ask another teacher to sit in on the conference. If no other teacher is available to sit in on the conference, it may be better to postpone it, than to have it. At the very least, you can leave your door open and make sure others in the building are aware of what is going on. Do not put yourself in a situation where it could be a he said/she said type of deal. Never Befriend Students Many first year teachers fall victim to trying to be their students’ friend instead of being a solid, effective teacher. Very little good can come out of being a student’s friend. You are setting yourself up for trouble especially if you teach middle school or high school students. It is far better to be a good, hard nose teacher that most students do not like than it is to be one that is best friends with everyone. Students will take advantage of the latter and it often easily leads to compromising situations at some point. Never Exchange Cell Phone Numbers There are not many solid reasons to have a student’s phone number or for them to have yours. If you have given a student your cell phone number, you are simply asking for trouble. The texting era has led to an increase in compromising situations. Students, who would not dare say anything inappropriate to a teacher’s face, will be bold and brazen through a text. By giving a student your cell phone number, you open the door to those possibilities. If you do receive an inappropriate message, you could ignore it or report it, but why open yourself to that possibility when you can just keep your number private. Never Give Students a Ride Providing a student with a ride puts you in a liable situation. First of all, if you have a wreck and the student is injured or killed, you will be held responsible. That should be enough to deter this practice. People are also easily seen in cars. This can give people a false perspective that can lead to trouble. Let’s say that you innocently give a student whose car broke down a ride home. Someone in the community sees you and begins a rumor saying that you are having an inappropriate relationship with that student. It could ruin your credibility. It simply isn’t worth it, because there were likely other options. Never Respond to Personal Questions Students of all ages will ask personal questions. Set limits immediately when the school year begins and refuse to allow your students or yourself to cross that personal line. This is especially true if you are unmarried. It is no student’s business as to whether or not you have a boyfriend or girlfriend. If they cross the line by asking something too personal, tell them they crossed a line and then immediately report it to an administrator. Students often fish for information and will take things as far as you let them.

Sophocles Gender Roles - 551 Words

In the Oedipus Cycle by Sophocles, his plays could be read as a critique of women’s roles. We see this in negative attitudes about women in Iocaste, Creon, and Ismene. Antigone goes against those expectations of women’s roles. Creon thinks that women should always obey the men, and should a woman stand up against a man then he is weaker than the woman (209). Ismene think that there is nothing women can do except listen to men; she thinks that women have no choices of their own (213). While Iocaste thinks that women are just supposed to marry a man and not question anything that he does (45). Antigone defies the King’s edict of civil law by following God’s law and burying her brother (208). Antigone knows defying the King in this way would result in her death, but still she accepts full responsibility because she could not live with herself by putting the will of a man before God. Iocaste thinks that women cannot do anything without the permission of a man. Women have to marry into limited positions of power, because women could not possibly do it correctly on their own (45). Creon is a lot like Oedipus when they talk of women and women’s responsibilities. Creon discounts and ignores the opinions of women and will not consider what they have to say despite any truth of what they may be saying (209). Creon shows this by saying â€Å"This girl is guilty of a double insolence. Breaking the given laws and boasting of it. Who is the man here, She or I, if this crime goes unpunished?Show MoreRelatedGender Role Of Women In Antigone By Sophocles814 Words   |  4 Pagesseduce us. If we must lose, Lets lose to a man, at least. Is a woman stronger than we?† (Sophocles.II.3.539-540) says Creon, King of Thebes and uncle to the disobeying but brave Antigone in Antigone by Sophocles. A patriarchal society is a community in which male domination over women, So phocles explains the journey of Antigone in getting her brother buried and yielding against the laws of Thebes in a man dominated city. Antigone portrayed in the play is loyal and stubborn, she would do anythingRead MoreHow Modern Versions Of Medea ( Euripides ) And Antigone ( Sophocles )1246 Words   |  5 Pagestime, nevertheless concepts and ideologies present in traditional Greek theatre have become outdated. Strict gender roles were ever-present in society and a person was judged in relation to his or her compliance with these standards. Ancient Greek theatre hosts many misogynistic examples of the conformity to the gender roles of the time as well as the consequences of rebelling against the gender protocol. 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In this play, gender roles assists in the process of portrayingRead MoreUnderstanding Of Cultural And Contextual Consideration Of Antigone By Sophocles968 Words   |  4 Pagesconsideration of Antigone by Sophocles has developed. You must receive further information about the playwright, the role of women, and the symbols used in Antigone to have a full understa nding of the play. Without the knowledge provided from the interactive orals, the play would not have been understood as well as it is now. To understand the importance and meaning of Antigone, you must understand the playwright and his purpose of writing the play. In his play, Sophocles illustrates the rival claimsRead MoreThe Feminist Criticism Of Antigone Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesStudent’s Name Tutor’s Name Course Code Date Sophocles Antigone The feminist criticism approach evaluates how sexual identity impacts the creation and perception of literary pieces of art. It was originally an offshoot of the feminist movements but has currently employed certain approaches, such as the Masculinity approach, which is advocated by Robert Bly. Feminist criticism takes a primary role in articulating the patriarchal perceptions that have dominated the Western thought. The perceptionsRead MoreAnalysis Of John Donne s Poem1449 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences; rather, to briefly examine the socially constructed gender roles and the role they play in the literary interpretations of these respective texts. Firmly rooted in our Western tradition of literature is the story of Adam and Eve. This tale pinpoints the infamous bite in Eden, taken by that of a female, to be the root of all of our human woe, which has survived and is imbedded our ways of understanding sex and gender roles. In Milton’s epic rendition of the biblical tale, Paradise LostRead MoreFeminism : A Multi Disciplinary Approach For Sexual Characteristics And Sex Parity Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesin mind that feminism does not refer to a belief that one gender deserves to be superior to the other. The definition of this approach is in complete opposition. Therefore, when people criticize feminism, they are actually supporting sexism. In the course of history, feminism has evolved from the serious evaluation of disparity between the sexes to a more nuanced concentration on the performative and social structures of sexuality and gender. Historically, scholars and feminists have categorized theRead MoreRoles of Women in Antigone1976 Words   |  8 PagesRoles of Women in the Greek Tragedy Antigone Despite the male dominant society of Ancient Greece, the women in Sophocles’ play Antigone all express capabilities of powerful influence and each individually possess unique characteristics, showing both similarities and contrasts. The women in the play are a pivotal aspect that keeps the plot moving and ultimately leads to the catharsis of this tragedy. Beginning from the argument between Antigone and Ismene to Eurydice’s suicide, a male takes his own

Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth Free Essays

string(167) " the number of primary branches per plant, pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant were higher at lower density \(37,037 plants/ha\), it delayed the maturity\." Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ) var. Arka Garima K. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth or any similar topic only for you Order Now RAVI KUMAR1 AND V. SUDHA VANI2 Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem-534 101, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail : ravikuna4u@gmail. com ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem to study the effect of plant density and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of vegetable cowpea variety Arka Garima under irrigated conditions. The study revealed that the crop responded to plant densities as well as phosphorus levels. The biometric characters like number of primary branches per plant (8. 52), pod length (21. 31 cm), pod girth (12. 35 mm), number of pods per plant (37. 02), number of seeds per pod (16. 85), pod weight per plant (10. 93 g) and pod yield per plant (301. 85 g) were higher at lower density plants (37,037 plants/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The growth and yield characters like plant height (52. 47 cm), TDM accumulation (3968. 04 kg/ha), days to flowering (34. 73 days), days to first picking (44. 8 days) and pod yield (152. 87 q//ha) were showed better expression in case of high density planting (74,074 plants/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The interaction effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels were significant on plant height, total dry matter accumulation and days to flowering, pod length, pod weight per plant, and yield per plant and pod yield /ha. Key words: Growth, yield, plant densi ty, phosphorus level, vegetable cowpea Cowpea plays a substantial role by serving as a grain and vegetable crop mainly for the rural people in the East, West, South and Central parts of Africa (Mortimore et al. 1997). According to FAO (2007), cowpea is produced annually on 11. 2 mha ranking 3rd after common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) with Africa taking the lead followed by Asia. It is extensively grown in South India particularly in the states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu. Cowpea used at all stages of its growth including as a vegetable (Ofori and Stern, 1986). Vegetable cowpea variety Arka Garima is a bushy type. Pods are thick, light green, long, round, stringless and highly fleshy. Yield potential of Arka Garima is 18 t/ha. The optimum plant population is an important parameter for increasing the crop productivity and provides the plant with the best environment to express its capacity fully under the given conditions. The optimum plant density with proper geometry and its planting varied with the agro-climatic conditions and growth habit of the plant. Generally, pulses require phosphorus for their growth and nitrogen fixation. It also enhances the nodulation and pod development consequently pod yield. If the phosphate availability from the soil is limited, the growth and nitrogen fixation are affected (Prasad and Sanoria, 1981). Phosphorus being an essential constituent of cellular proteins and nucleic acids, it encourages the meristematic activity in plants (Black, 1969) and adequate supply of nutrients which might have enhanced the metabolic activity and inturn plant growth. MATERIAL AND METHODS A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem during kharif 2010. The experimental site had red sandy loam with pH 6. 9, EC of 0. 01 dS/m, 0. 34 % organic carbon with 712, 32. 5, 217. 5 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O per ha, respectively. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. There were twelve treatmental combinations comprised of three plant densities (37,037, 55,555 and 74,074 plants/ha) designated as D1, D2 and D3 and four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) designated as P0, P1, P2 and P3. The seeds were treated with captan @ 3g/kg seeds before sowing against wilt. The Arka Garima seeds were dibbled on 29-8-2010 at 60 x 45, 60 x 30 and 45 x 30 cm spacings. During the crop period, the total rainfall received was 419. 07 mm. The nitrogen @ 20 kg/ha, potassium @10 kg/ha and phosphorus as per the treatments were applied during the crop period. The metereological data recorded from planting date to harvest are presented below. Table 1: Monthly mean temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall during the growing season of cowpea (Sep-Nov) in 2010 at Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh. Month Mean temperature (? C) Mean Relative Rain fall (mm) humidity (%) _____________________________________________________________________ September 28. 99 77. 96 19. 3 October 28. 84 71. 86 46. 00 November 27. 33 75. 14 38. 60 _____________________________________________________________________ A sample of five plants was taken randomly from two central rows in each experimental plot at different intervals. The growth parameters like plant height, number of primary branches, dry matter accumulation, days to flowering and days to first picking were recorded. Similarly the yield and its attributes were recorded. For estimating total dry matter accumulation, each sample was first air dried and later oven dried at 60? C to constant weight. The sum of dry weights of all plant parts was taken as total dry matter accumulation per plant (g). The data was analyzed by the method of variance outlined by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results revealed that the effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on vegetative growth performance and yield were significant. The plant height increased with increasing plant density and decreased number of primary branches per plant at all sampling occasions. Higher density produced tender and widely spread plants. Significant increase in plant height with high density (74,074 plants/ha) might be due to competition of solar energy coupled with shallow root system. Increased plant density limits the availability of space for plant and hence root configuration affecting the crop growth. Increased plant population increased plant height (Ahmed et al. 2010). The TDM accumulation was higher at a plant density of 74,074 plant/ha. The result might be attributed to optimum use of natural resources, higher uptake of nutrients and more number of plants per unit area. Beneficial effect of optimum density on total dry matter accumulation has also been reported by Dwivedi et al. (1994) in frenchbean. Though the number of primary branches per plant, pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant were higher at lower density (37,037 plants/ha), it delayed the maturity. You read "Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth" in category "Essay examples" Higher photosynthesis and higher amount of dry matter assimilation due to higher number of leaves and higher availability of nutrients led to vegetative growth at a longer period and as such the reproductive phase was delayed (Honma and Bert, 1977). The higher pod yield per plant at low plant density (37,037 plants/ha) could be attributed to the significant increase in pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight per plant. These values were significantly lower at higher density (74,074 plants/ha) due to increased competition among the plants for the space, light and nutrients. Increasing population decreased the number of pods per plant. This reduction may be attributed to the interference among branches. The findings are in accord with the previous results reported by Hamad (2004). The variations in number of pods per plant could be attributed to the variations in number of branches per plant. Hence lower plant densities resulted in maximum number of branches per plant and in turn was responsible for more number of fruiting points. Further, less competition for light, moisture and nutrients associated with wider spacing has an edge in producing more reproductive parts compared to high density plants. The plant growth, yield and its attributes were superior with the application of 60 kg P2O5/ha. Increase in plant growth might be due to hastened meristematic activity, better root growth and better absorption of nutrients by increased application of P (Philip, 1993). The translocation of photosynthates by the action of P also showed an improvement in various growth parameters (Verma and Saxena, 1995). The infection of Rhizobium bacteria depends on their interception with the root hair. Under adequate phosphate application, nodulation increases due to high bacterial infection on account of properly developed rooting system and increased density of nodule bacteria (Srivastava and Varma, 1985). Increased nodulation implies greater symbiotic fixation of atmospheric N which also helps in cell division and root extension which might have resulted in vigorous plant growth. Similar results were reported by Joseph and Varma (1994) in chickpea. The phosphorus application @ 60 kg/ha showed a significant influence on days to flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to first picking. Influence of P in hastening maturity is well documented. Phosphorus imparts quicker vegetative growth to the plant and entering into the reproductive phase early. The same trend of higher levels of P was also noted by Philip (1993) in cowpea and Bahadur and Singh (1990) in garden pea. The increase in yield attributes might be a direct consequence of growth characters. Adequate supply of P is important in laying down the primordia for the reproductive parts of plants. It is also considered important in the formation of pods and seeds. Being a constituent of protoplasm, which may be responsible for increased length of pods, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and inturn pod yield. These results are in conformity with the finding of Sundara et al. 2004) in pea. The interaction effect of application of 60 kg P2O5/ha and higher plant densities (74,074 plants/ha) produced higher pod yield along with rich protein content. The economic returns were more in case of high density as per the results obtained in the present experiment. It is also suggested that a plant density level D3 (74,074 plants/ha) and a phosphorus level of P3 (60 kg P2O5) was most p rofitable for the cultivation of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima under irrigated conditions in coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. REFERENCES Ahmed Naim, M. E. and Abdelrhim Jabereldar, A. 2010. Effect of plant density and cultivar on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4: 3148-53. Bahudur, V. and Singh, T. 1990. Yield and growth response of garden pea (Pisum sativum L. ) to nitrogen and phosphorus application. Vegetable Science, 17 : 205-09. Black, C. A. 1969. Soil plant relationships (2nd Ed. ) John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York, pp. 792. Dwivedi, D. K. , Singh, H. , Shahi, K. M. B. and Rai, J. N. 1994. Response of frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to population densities and nitrogen levels under mid-upland situation in north-east alluvial plains of Bihar. Indian J. Agron. , 39 : 581-83. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2007. FAOSTAT http://faostat. fao. org/site/567/default. aspx#ancor. Hamad, M. S. 2004. Effect of planting density on the performance of three cultivars of cowpea. M. Sc. thesis submitted to University of Khartoum, Sudan. Honma, S. and Bert, J. 1977. Growing high density cauliflower. American Vegetable Grower, 25 : 40. Joseph, B. and Varma. 1994. Response of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to jalshakti incorporation and phosphorus and sulphur fertilization. Indian J. Agron. , 39 : 312-14. Mortimore, M. J. , Singh, B. B. , Harris, F. and Blade, S. F. 1997. Cowpea in traditional cropping systems. Advances in Cowpea Research, 8: 99-113. Ofofi, F. and Stern, W. R. 1986. Maize/cowpea intercrops system: Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on productivity and efficiency. Field Crop Research, 14: 247-61. Panse, V. G. and Sukhatame, P. V. 1985. Statistical methods for agricultural workers. ICAR, New Delhi. Philip, A. 1993. Phosphorus and molybdenum nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ). M. Sc. (Ag. ) Thesis submitted to the Kerala Agricultural University. Srivastava, S. N. L. and Varma, S. C. 1985. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and molybdenum fertilization on growth, nodulation and residual fertility in field pea. Indian J. Agric Res. , 19: 131-37. Sundara, T. H. , Vyakaranahal, B. S. , Shekhargoud, M. , Shishidhara, S. D. and Hosamani, R. M. 2004. Influence of phosphorus and micronutrients on seed yield and quality of pea (Pisum sativum L. ). Seed Research, 32: 214-16. Verma, V. S. and Saxena, K. K. 1995. Response of Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to graded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in silty loam soil of central Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Agron. , 40 : 67-71. Table 2 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on plant height, number of primary branches per plant and days to flowering of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. Plant height (cm) (At 60 DAS)No. of primary branches (At 45 DAS)Days to flowering (Days) Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D145. 6045. 93046. 6748. 8046. 758. 078. 538. 608. 878. 5236. 6736. 0036. 336. 4736. 57 D245. 4047. 4050. 0748. 4047. 828. 008. 338. 138. 338. 2035. 4735. 4035. 3335. 2735. 37 D349. 2052. 6752. 2055. 8052. 477. 477. 808. 078. 077. 8535. 0034. 8034. 6334. 4734. 73 Mean46. 7348. 6749. 6451. 007. 848. 228. 278. 4235. 7135. 4035. 5035. 40 SourceSEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 120. 340. 110. 310. 060. 18 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 120. 360. 070. 20 D x P0. 230. 680. 21N. S0. 12NS Table 3 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on total dry matter accumulation of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. Total dry matter accumulation (30 DAS)Total dry matter accumulation (60 DAS)Total dry matter accumulation (90 DAS) Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D1163. 50169. 03174. 85180. 38171. 941945. 661974. 371954. 932001. 671969. 16 3788. 403798. 773810. 643867. 503816. 33 D2172. 91187. 81189. 64197. 97187. 081965. 171970. 672016. 332014. 281991. 613874. 413885. 983986. 924096. 853961. 04 D3187. 95200. 96211. 37221. 33205. 401951. 191983. 812107. 322094. 432034. 193722. 813865. 744080. 084203. 513968. 04 Mean174. 79185. 93191. 96199. 891954. 001976. 282026. 192036. 793795. 13850. 173959. 214055. 95 SourceSEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 591. 7210. 1029. 637. 6022. 30 Phosphorus level (P)0. 681. 9911. 6634. 218. 7825. 75 D x P1. 173. 4420. 2059. 2615. 2044. 60 Table 4 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpe a cv. Arka Garima. Pod length (cm)Pod girth (mm)No. of pods per plant Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D118. 4721. 8021. 8323. 1321. 3111. 8712. 0012. 2713. 2712. 3515. 1316. 4717. 4718. 3316. 5 D218. 5319. 4020. 6720. 5319. 7811. 3313. 1312. 5312. 0012. 2515. 1316. 0717. 0017. 6716. 47 D316. 8017. 1322. 3322. 2719. 6310. 9311. 2712. 0012. 0711. 5715. 1315. 3316. 0716. 9315. 87 Mean17. 6319. 4421. 6121. 9811. 3812. 1312. 2712. 4415. 1315. 9616. 8417. 64 SourceSEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 120. 340. 220. 650. 120. 36 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 260. 750. 140. 42 D x P0. 230. 680. 44NS0. 25NS Table 5 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpea How to cite Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth, Essay examples

Communication Technologies Sustainability -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Communication Technologies Sustainability? Answer: Introduction Strategic information system defines a set of guidelines for the organisation. The organisations can make appropriate plans and strategies following the guidelines. The strategies will help the companies to enrich their business operations. The organisations can even get the competitive edge due to the adaptation of the strategic information system. The organisations can store data; the organisations can access data and process data better easily and effectively with the aid of the information system (Kamariotou and Kitsios 2018). The strategic information system provides several scopes to the organisations so that the existing business operations can get enhanced. The report chooses St.George Bank as the case study. The bank is being suggested to take up the strategic information to enrich their business functionalities. The bank with the help of strategic information system can serve customers well (Asare and Conger 2018). The customers can get enhanced security, and they can enjoy St.George Bank banking service. St.George Bank can store data; can access data and process data in the agile and effective way. The strategic information system can help St.George Bank to accompany Westpac in conducting the financial activities (Baird 2018). The report illustrates the strategic information system's six major components. There are several risks and challenges associated with the project activities. The planners have faced several challenges while implementing the strategic information system on their premises. The report illustrates the challenges. The components like end-user computing, outsourcing has been defined in the report. The IS strategy de finitely adds value to enterprises. The report elaborates on details how St.George Bank should use strategic information system for the betterment of the bank. The strategic information has the capability to bring innovations in the bank premises. The strategic information system also helps in evaluating the internal control. Discussion St.George Bank is one of the banks of Australia, headquarter of the bank is located in Sydney. St.George Bank merges with Westpac Banking Corporation in the year 2008. The bank provides services to the customers of New South Wales. St.George Bank also offers service in Western Australia, Victoria and Queensland. They also conduct business activities and financial activities in Northern Territory and South Australia under Bank SA, Bank SA is a division of Westpac well (Asare and Conger 2018). St.George Bank has a large number of subsidiaries in Australia. The bank has also many ATMs based in Australia. St.George Bank conducts back office operations in India as well. In the year 2007, Paul Fegan was appointed as the CEO of St.George Bank. Gail Kelly was CEO of St.George Bank earlier. He departed St.George Bank in the year 2007 and became CEO of Westpac Banking Corporation group (Baird 2018). In the year 2008, both St.George Bank merged with Westpac. St.George Bank is known to provide customer friendly and customer oriented services. The bank competes with the big four banks of Australia, though they are part of Westpac. St.George Bank at one time was identified as the customer service leader, but they failed to retain their position. The big four banks of Australia grab the top position. However, recent survey illustrates that St.George Bank is trying to regain their position. They are trying to fill up their loopholes (Kamariotou and Kitsios 2018). St.George Bank provides specialisation in home and customer lending, however, the bank now provides funding service to the specialist industries. They also provide funding services to various market segments which include trade finance, invoice discounting, commercial property construction, automotive finance and foreign exchange. The Automotive Finance division works under St.George Finance Limited. St.George Bank planned to shift their back office job operations in India. St.George Bank conducts cards and loan services work at IBM in Bangalore. Comparing and contrasting the issues and the challenges that can St.George Bank faces The financial organisations including the bank face several issues and challenges while implementing the strategic information system on their premises. The report will elaborate the challenges in details. The report has compared and contrasted the challenges in details (Bryson 2018). The public sector banks as well as the private sector banks while they try to adopt the IT strategy on their premises. The banks have also struggled to maintain the IT strategy on their premises. i) Private Sector: The private sector banks have struggled throughout because of all the risks and the challenges in their sector and they are- a) Risk Management: the private sector bank has struggled due to the issue of risk management. The government banks tend to get more security but the private sector banks cannot avail such security (Hassan and Mathiassen 2018). That is why they are more concerned about the security. For the security loopholes, the bank can face heavy losses. b) Additional banks emergence: Many new banks have emerged in recent times and so the private banks compete with each other all the time. The involvement of other banks can be a threat to the private sector banks (Baidya et al. 2018). The private sector banks can face heavy losses due to the involvement of other banks. c) Launching new items: The private banks always focus on innovation. They always try to bring in new features and new schemes in the enterprises. The customers and the clients can dislike the new approach and the new schemes. In this case, the bank can face heavy losses. d) Interest Rate: The private sector bank can suffer from the high-interest rate challenge (Hassan and Mathiassen 2018). The bank offers many services, but it is of no use if the customers are not able to afford the bank services. The company planners can face issues while adopting the IT strategy. The private banking sectors also face issues while maintaining the IS strategy on their premises. St.George Bank is a private sector faces all these kind of issues (Baidya et al. 2018). The issues have been discussed n details in the report. ii) Public Sector: The public banking sectors face several challenges and risks like the private banking sector while adopting the IS strategy. The business planners will have to face several challenging scenarios while carrying out the business activities. The probable challenges that they can face are- a) Capital Base: The public sector bank can suffer due to the poor capital base. The banks collect the capital base through a public offering. The public sector banks earn relatively low capital base in comparison to private sector banks. b) Less number of bank branches: The public sector banks have less number of bank branches (Foote and Halawi 2018). The public sector banks contain a minimal number of branches. The less number of branches can prove to be a threat or challenge for the public bank. Moreover, they have fear of losing subsidiaries. c) Technology gap: Technology gap can be a serious threat to the public sector bank. The public sector banks are using technologies which are obsolete, the technologies they use contain security concerns and at the same time, the technologies are inefficient. d) Poor quality service offered: The public sector banks offer services that are of poor quality. They are heavily criticised for the poor quality (Peppard 2018). The banks are not offering the desired service; also the banks are not meeting the demands of the customers. The report illustrates the challenges the public banking sectors are suffering from. St.George Banks IS adaptation and critical Evaluation of IS Strategy St.George Bank can implement the IS strategy for their own benefits and they must undertake- i) Updating existent St.George Banks IS strategy: St.George Bank must take the responsibility to make necessary update in the system (Foote and Halawi 2018). The updated system will be fast and effective; it will include the security patches so the bank will not have to worry about the security breaches. ii) Assigning new workers: St.George Bank must discard the prevalent information system. St.George Bank will have to take up the new management system. The management body can be benefitted with the aid of the latest IS strategy (Peppard 2018). They will have to hire talented, diligent and creative individuals, these individuals will improvise the business operations if the bank. iii) Appropriate maintenance of St.George Banks system and database: St.George Bank can manage the financial services and the business activities with the help of advanced IS strategy (Wu and Raghupathi 2018). The advanced IS strategy can be helpful in maintaining database and system. iv) Managing Security: The IS strategy can assist in ensuring the privacy and security in St.George Bank premises. Security is an important aspect that every organisation must consider and they should not compromise at any cost. Security can help St.George Bank to gain customer trust (Bergamaschi 2018). The customers can feel safe while conducting online internet banking, mobile banking with the help of the information system. St.George Banks facilitates after adaptation of new and innovative ideas St.George Bank can enhance the financial activities of the bank with the aid of the strategic information system. There are seven approaches associated that can improvise the business activities and they are as follows- i) Mandate creation: Creating mandate is one sort of approach. The approach can be beneficial for St.George Bank to enrich their business activities. A mandate paves the ay by which St.George Bank can implement changes in their bank premises. the mandate contains certain strategies and these strategies can improve the bank operations of St.George Bank. The top-level management of St.George Bank will have to respond to create the mandate (Bergamaschi 2018). The top-level management will have to take the initial step. The management body will have to assign people having passion for creating mandate. The new employees will have to take initiative for the improvement of the bank. ii) Be any Model: Be any model is an initiative and St.George Bank following be any model can bring innovation in the bank premises. The top-level management must choose appropriate methodologies so that that can work smoothly for the bank (Wu and Raghupathi 2018). St.George Bank should give priority to the creative thinking that can facilitate the business activities. iii) Discuss issues and challenges with workers as well as stakeholders: St.George Bank should make use of information system effectively so that it can analyse and mitigate the issues. St.George Bank will have to fill up the existing loopholes and must focus on the problem solving methodologies. They must make critical decisions so that the business operations can get enhanced. St.George Bank should train their employees in such a way that they can resolve the issues (Mao et al. 2018). The employees must have the expertise and the skills so that they can mitigate issues and come up with some best solutions. iv) Developing diligent dedicated team: St.George Bank must have a dedicated team that is capable to analyse the issues, in this way St.George Bank can acknowledge the best possible ways by which the issues can be minimised (Vom Brocke and Mendling 2018). The team can find out any other alternate solutions by which St.George Bank can improve their business operations. v) George Bank catering access to the users and customers: St.George Bank works with the customers. St.George Bank must provide the customers with proper login access. The feedback of the customers is absolute necessity for running the business (Mao et al. 2018). The bank can only improve or can make further progress in business on the basis of the customers feedback. vi) Designing Systems and Building System: St.George Bank must modify the existing system in such a way so that the bank makes profit. The new management system will give St.George Bank the competitive edge so that they can stay ahead of all other banks. The management team will provide the best solutions by which they can be benefitted. vii) Implementing a business network with all employees of the bank: The employees working in St.George Bank must establish a business network (Carugati et al. 2018). The employees must discuss with each other and make appropriate plans so that the business activities as well as the financial activities can be carried out smoothly and effectively. Outsourcing vs End-User Computing in St.George Bank Outsourcing is the approach following which St.George Bank can offer numerous functionalities to the service partners. St.George Bank can get the scope to work with the best partners or the best employees in the business (Kasemsap 2018). The outsourcing also involves the transfer of employees from one organisation to another organisation. End-user computing offers a platform to the non-programmer, there the non-programmers work with various applications. The end-user computing engages the end-users into the computing environment. Outsourcing has been chosen for this report. The IS/IT strategy adaptation can be turning point for St.George Bank. The Director can deploy it in their premises to gain huge profit (Hajrullahi, Idrizi and Rahmani 2018). The report explains how the Director can be benefitted with the aid of the IS/IT new strategies and they are- i) George Bank should focus on Basic Actions: St.George Bank can embellish their business activities with the aid of the information system. The outsourcing activities can ease the financial activities of the bank. St.George Bank should focus on the basic activities to attain the maximum profit (Kasemsap 2018). St.George Bank must focus on outsourcing of financial operations as well as the business operations of St.George Bank. ii) Expenses Savings and Efficiency in St.George Bank: St.George Bank must focus on the outsourcing activities and all these activities can assist in expense savings. The efficiency of St.George Bank can get enhanced (Baporikar 2018). St.George Bank can gain maximum profit via savings expenses. iii) Reducing Overhead: Outsourcing activities assist in reducing the overhead cost. The approach of lessening cost overhead can be beneficial for St.George Bank (Demertzis, Iliadis and Anezakis 2018). The overhead cost to conduct the back-office operations is quite expensive at times. iv) George Bank Control in Operations: St.George Banks financial activities can go beyond control, the outsourcing activities help in maintaining those business operations. There are several departments of St.George Bank; those departments can struggle as a result of poor administration (Ding, Jiang and Su 2018). The outsourcing activities can cater St.George Bank the best solution by which they can furnish the business activities. the bank can get cost-effective service as well. v) Flexibility of staff in George Bank: The adaptation of new management system can create problems for the organisations irrespective of the financial organisations. St.George Bank is one of them. The flexibility in staffing is one of the aspects that must be taken into consideration related to outsourcing (Havakhor, Soror and Sabherwal 2018). The employees working in the bank contribute to large extent. All the departments of the bank can be managed well with the assistance of outsourcing. vi) Risk Management in St.George Bank: The risk management is another aspect that must be taken into considerations by all the organisations. St.George Bank risk management team must look at the potential risks for which the bank can suffer (Demertzis, Iliadis and Anezakis 2018). The employees and the management team of St.George Bank must analyse the risks well, the outsourcing activities can help to mitigate those risks. St.George Bank after minimising risks can be able to invest more to the business. vii) Develop Internal Staff in St.George Bank: Each and every project can become successful if the employees and the staffs work well in the project. In St.George Bank, the management team must provide appropriate training to the staffs (Baporikar 2018). The training will assist the workers so that they can sharpen their skills and deliver their best (Chan, Mo and Moon 2018). The employees can bring innovations within the bank premises and the St.George Bank can acquire several advantages due to the innovative approaches taken by the employees. Strategic Information adding value to St.George Bank with the help of IT/ IS Strategy i) Establishing Strategic Information Role: Strategic information system adaptation definitely adds value to each and every organisation. Strategic information system is capable to provide multiple benefits to St.George Bank and all these strategy aspects have been explained in details in the report (Agola 2018). The strategies have been elaborated below. They are- The first phase provides the appropriate information that is needed to investigate the business operations. The first stage includes the management staffs behavioural traits (Karajeh, Maqableh and Masadeh 2020). The stage also includes the expenses that the management team of St.George Bank must pay. In this stage, St.George Bank can acknowledge who are their competitors. the second stage involves the specific strategies- The strategic decisions depend on To target the relevant market Location of the office premises Designing new items (Song, Arnott and Gao 2018) Launching new items Promoting the products Budget allocated for the project Identifying customers needs: St.George Bank must fulfil all the demands of the customers. The bank must give priority to the customers. St.George Bank should cooperate with the customers and will have to listen to the queries, in this way they can serve the customers well and can gain customer support. St.George Bank can increase their customer base. The bank can enhance their market share as well (Weinman 2018). St.George Bank can get competitive advantage as well due to adaptation of the information system strategies. iii. Market segmentation: Market segmentation is another aspect of the running the business operations. The market segmentation can help St.George Bank in segmenting the business process and office departments (Chan, Mo and Moon 2018). The market segment helps in creating a group of customers. Critically discussion of Good Internal Control Each and every organisation must consider the Good Internal Control. The report explains the characteristics of good internal control. The business activities can get furnished with the aid of the effective internal control (Song, Arnott and Gao 2018). The business assets can be made secure with the aid of the internal control. Control Environment: Control environment involves the companys approach towards internal control. The report illustrates St.George Banks initiative towards the internal control of the business activities (Tahir 2020). The mishaps can occur in St.George Bank if the banks management system overrides the controls that are in place. The internal control can be at risks as a result of management override of controls. Risk Assessment: Risk Assessment can measure the threats and the risks associated with the bank. St.George Bank via implementation of effective risks management can acknowledge the threat beforehand. This can help the bank to identify the threats earlier and they can take initiative based on the threats (Shen 2018). St.George Bank thus can safeguard their branches from challenges and threats. Communication: The communication elements analyse components that are associated with the internal control. The communication elements are helpful for the workers; the workers can be able to perform efficiently due to all these communication components. Monitoring: The effective monitoring can assist St.George Bank in various ways. The management body of St.George Bank can manage the business and the financial activities with the help of the effective monitoring. The management body can track the ineffective control within St.George Bank premises (Sassen 2018). St.George Bank can acknowledge the changes made in the system and they can be able to accomplish the business activities within the given time period with the help of effective monitoring. Control Activities: The management body of the organisations generally carries out the control activities. St.George Banks management team must implement the internal control efficiently. The control activities can assist St.George Bank to know the problems which they are facing (Chan, Mo and Moon 2018). The analysis result is prepared and the analysis result can help the employees, the management body and the stakeholders of St.George Bank to design the system. Thus the internal control can help St.George Bank in performing the business activities. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that the strategic information system is helpful for organisations to enhance the business activities. St.George Bank can be similarly benefitted by the help of the strategic information system. The bank with the help of innovative approach and effective decision making can earn maximum profits. St.George Bank with the implementation of strategic information system can meet the business deliverables. St.George Bank must adopt the strategic information system and should improvise the existing management system. The strategic information system will change the prevalent system and the database. They can gain the competitive edge with the help of the help of the strategic information system. The stakeholders, the customers and the employees of St.George Bank can be facilitated with an adaptation of strategic information system. Enterprise Resource Planning is the option St.George Bank should adopt for their bank premises. St.George Bank can b ecome famous and can become one of the top four banks in Australia. The report explains about end-user computing activities and outsourcing activities. The report illustrates the internal control too, References Agola, N.O., 2018. Strategic Fundamentals of Knowledge and Information Management for Social and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries.International Journal of ICT Research in Africa and the Middle East (IJICTRAME),7(1), pp.1-18. Asare, E. and Conger, S., 2018. Analyzing the Impact of Strategic Performance Management Systems and Role Ambiguity on Performance: A Qualitative Approach. InDevelopments and Advances in Intelligent Systems and Applications(pp. 15-27). Springer, Cham. Baidya, R., Dey, P.K., Ghosh, S.K. and Petridis, K., 2018. Strategic maintenance technique selection using combined quality function deployment, the analytic hierarchy process and the benefit of doubt approach.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,94(1-4), pp.31-44. Baird, T., 2018. Interest groups and strategic constructivism: business actors and border security policies in the European Union.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,44(1), pp.118-136. Baporikar, N., 2018. Critical Success Factors for Executives in Global Economy. InGeopolitics and Strategic Management in the Global Economy(pp. 40-56). IGI Global. Bergamaschi, S., Beneventano, D., Mandreoli, F., Martoglia, R., Guerra, F., Orsini, M., Po, L., Vincini, M., Simonini, G., Zhu, S. and Gagliardelli, L., 2018. From Data Integration to Big Data Integration. InA Comprehensive Guide Through the Italian Database Research Over the Last 25 Years(pp. 43-59). Springer International Publishing. Bryson, J.M., 2018.Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement. John Wiley Sons. Carugati, A., Fernndez, W., Mola, L. and Rossignoli, C., 2018. My choice, your problem? Mandating IT use in large organisational networks.Information Systems Journal,28(1), pp.6-47. Chan, R.L.Y., Mo, P.L.L. and Moon, K.K., 2018. Strategic and Tactical Measures in Managing Enterprise Risks: A Study of the Textile and Apparel Industry. InResearch, Practices, and Innovations in Global Risk and Contingency Management(pp. 1-19). IGI Global. Demertzis, K., Iliadis, L.S. and Anezakis, V.D., 2018. An innovative soft computing system for smart energy grids cybersecurity.Advances in Building Energy Research,12(1), pp.3-24. Ding, K., Jiang, P. and Su, S., 2018. RFID-enabled social manufacturing system for inter-enterprise monitoring and dispatching of integrated production and transportation tasks.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,49, pp.120-133. Foote, A. and Halawi, L.A., 2018. Knowledge Management Models within Information Technology Projects.Journal of Computer Information Systems,58(1), pp.89-97. Foote, A. and Halawi, L.A., 2018. Knowledge Management Models within Information Technology Projects.Journal of Computer Information Systems,58(1), pp.89-97. Hajrullahi, D., Idrizi, F. and Rahmani, B., 2018. The Implementation of the Document Management System DocMan as an Advantage for the Acceleration of Administrative Work in Macedonia. InInformation Technology-New Generations(pp. 951-954). Springer, Cham. Hassan, N.R. and Mathiassen, L., 2018. Distilling a body of knowledge for information systems development.Information Systems Journal,28(1), pp.175-226. Havakhor, T., Soror, A.A. and Sabherwal, R., 2018. Diffusion of knowledge in social media networks: effects of reputation mechanisms and distribution of knowledge roles.Information systems journal,28(1), pp.104-141. Kamariotou, M. and Kitsios, F., 2018. Strategic Information Systems Planning. InEncyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition(pp. 912-922). IGI Global. Karajeh, H., Maqableh, M. and Masadeh, R., 2020. Privacy and Security Issues of Cloud Computing Environment. InProceedings of the 23rd IBIMA Conference Vision(pp. 1-15). Kasemsap, K., 2018. The importance of electronic commerce in modern business. InEncyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition(pp. 2791-2801). IGI Global. Mao, S., Tu, E., Zhang, G., Rachmawati, L., Rajabally, E. and Huang, G.B., 2018. An Automatic Identification System (AIS) Database for Maritime Trajectory Prediction and Data Mining. InProceedings of ELM-2016(pp. 241-257). Springer, Cham. Peppard, J., 2018. Rethinking the concept of the IS organization.Information Systems Journal,28(1), pp.76-103. Sassen, S., 2018. The global city: Strategic site, new frontier. InMoving CitiesContested Views on Urban Life(pp. 11-28). Springer VS, Wiesbaden. Shen, Y., 2018. Data sharing practices, information exchange behaviors, and knowledge discovery dynamics: a study of natural resources and environmental scientists.Environmental Systems Research,6(1), p.9. Song, Y., Arnott, D. and Gao, S., 2018. Business intelligence system use in Chinese organizations. InAnalytics and Data Science(pp. 79-94). Springer, Cham. Tahir, M.N.H.B., 2020. Knowledge Captured as an Innovation Factor: The Application and Usage of Information and Communication Technology in The Malaysian Public Sector. Vom Brocke, J. and Mendling, J., 2018. Business process management cases.Digital innovation and business transformation in practice. Cham, Switzerland: Springer (Management for Professionals). Online verfgbar unter https://www. springer. com. Weinman, J., 2018. Strategic Applications of Big Data. InGuide to Big Data Applications(pp. 3-27). Springer International Publishing. Wu, S.J. and Raghupathi, W., 2018. The strategic association between information and communication technologies and sustainability: A country-level study. InSustainable Development: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 694-719). IGI Global.

Fidler, J.R., Zechmeister, E.B., & Shuaghnessy, J.J. (1988). Memory Fo

Fidler, J.R., Zechmeister, E.B., (1988). Memory for frequency of hearing popular songs. American Journal of Psychology, 101, 31?49. "Remember that song we heard the other day? What was it called? I wish I could remember." If this has ever happened to you please listen carefully to what I have to say. The following journal article looks into the question; does frequency correlate with familiarity for the remembrance of songs. The hypothesis was, specifically; people with a high knowledge of certain stimulus area should be able to identify frequency patterns more often than those who had little knowledge of the area. The findings could be used to determine whether or not people high knowledge of that certain stimulus area should be able to recognize the music patterns and process it as meaningful data more than people with low knowledge of that certain area. The music chosen for the experiment was "well?known" songs, based on music magazine album charts, and unfamiliar songs, chosen for their similar rhythm, instrumentation, and style. The music was recorded onto two tapes made up of 10 second excerpts and separated into "well?known" and unfamiliar. After trying to identify the artist and title on the tapes, the tapes were replaced by one tape with 52, 10 second excerpts. There were 16 different excerpts repeated one, two, three or four times in a mixed order. For a total of 40 excerpts. The restconsisted of filler songs that were not heard before, but considered familiar. Analyses were carried out using the average frequency estimates for excerpts heard once through four times, the zero?presented items were analyzed separately. The findings were oddly opposite of what one might expect. THe frequency estimates for unfamiliar songs were higher than those of familiar songs. Although, the average estimated frequency increased as true frequency increased. The correlation between estimated and actual frequency was greater overall for subjects in the familiar song group, average being .68. The group who listened to unfamiliar songs performed lower, but not enough to rely on, average here being .58. The experiment did succeed in demonstrating that persons judging unfamiliar songs were less able to identify correctly exact frequency of presentation than were persons judging familiar songs. They did find that those who subjected to the unfamiliar songs did falsely overestimate the frequency a song was heard. Another factor in the accuracy of the subjects was there prior knowledge of music. The researchers surmised that ability to remember event frequency is likely to be related to degree of knowledge of the to?be?remembered material when information other than that already obtained is available to aid repeated discrimination. The premiss of the experiment, that frequency and reucuring judgement tests, could be applied to other fields. I base this statement on a theory I have about music and learning ability. I believe that if we would put information into a musical form witha chorus and other lyrics, for example auditory theory, and have it explain what it does and doesn't state to be true. My theory is based on the fact that students, myself included, are able to memorize music lyrics and even the instrument solos after about seven playings and be able to recall the song completely at any time and need only hear it once or twice again to remember it again after a hiatus.

The Platt Amendment and U.S.-Cuba Relations

The Platt Amendment and U.S.-Cuba Relations The Platt Amendment set the conditions to end the United States military occupation of Cuba and was passed at the end of the Spanish-American War of 1898, which was fought over which country should oversee the governing of the island. The amendment was intended to create a path to Cuban independence while still allowing the U.S. to have an influence in its domestic and international politics. It was in effect from February 1901 until May 1934.   Historical Background Prior to the Spanish-American War, Spain had control over Cuba and was profiting greatly from its natural resources. There are two major theories as to why the U.S. entered war: promoting democracy abroad and gaining control of the island’s resources. First, the War of 1898 was popular with Americans because the government promoted it as a liberation war. Cubans and the well-known liberation force Cuba Libre began revolting against Spanish rule much earlier, in the 1880s. Additionally, the U.S. was already involved in conflicts with Spain throughout the Pacific in the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, citing the European nation as an imperialist and undemocratic power. Therefore, some historians and politicians theorize that the war intended to promote democracy and extend the reach of the Free World, and the subsequent Platt Amendment was intended to provide a pathway to Cuban sovereignty. However, keeping Cuba in the U.S. sphere of influence had great economic and political benefits. In the 1980s, the U.S. was suffering one of the greatest economic depressions in its history. The island had tons of cheap tropical agricultural products that Europeans and Americans were willing to pay high prices for. Further, Cuba is only 100 miles from the southernmost tip of Florida, so keeping a friendly regime protected the nation’s national security. Using this perspective, other historians believe that the war, and by extension the Platt Amendment, was always about increasing American influence, not Cuban liberation. At the end of the war, Cuba wanted independence and self-government, whereas the United States wanted Cuba to be a protectorate, a region with a mix of local autonomy and foreign oversight. The initial compromise came in the form of the Teller Amendment. This stated that no country can permanently hold Cuba and a free and independent government will take over. This amendment was not popular in the U.S. because it seemingly barred the nation’s annexation of the island. Though President William McKinley signed the amendment, the administration still sought annexation. The Platt Amendment, signed in February 1901, followed the Teller Amendment to give the United States more oversight of Cuba. What the Platt Amendment Says The Platt Amendment’s primary stipulations were that Cuba became unable to enter into treaties with any foreign nation other than the U.S., the U.S. has a right to intervene if it is believed to be in the island’s best interest, and all conditions of the amendment must be accepted in order to end military occupation. While this was not the annexation of Cuba and there was a local government in place, the United States had much control over the island’s international relationships and domestic production of agricultural goods. As the United States continued to expand its influence throughout Latin American and the Caribbean, Latin Americans began to refer to this style of government oversight as â€Å"plattismo.† Long-Term Impact of the Platt Amendment The Platt Amendment and military occupation of Cuba is one of the leading causes of later conflict between the U.S. and Cuba. Opposition movements continued to expand across the island, and McKinley’s successor, Theodore Roosevelt, put a U.S.-friendly dictator named Fulgencio Batista in charge in hopes of countering the revolutionaries. Later, President William Howard Taft went as far as to say that independence would be completely out of the question if the Cubans continued to rebel. This only increased the anti-U.S. sentiment and propelled Fidel Castro to the Cuban Presidency with a communist-friendly regime after the Cuban Revolution.   Essentially, the legacy of the Platt Amendment is not one of American liberation, as the McKinley administration had hoped. Instead, it stressed and eventually severed the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba that has not normalized since. Sources Pà ©rez Louis A. The War of 1898: the United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. University of North Carolina, 1998.Boot, Max. The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power. Basic Books, 2014.

Case Study on IT Doesn't Matter Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On IT Doesn't Matter - Case Study Example One take is that while no longer strategic, IT investment and excellence remains something that is essential, as a kind of ticket to the game. Another take is that companies who are able to glean insights into how technology is to be used to further their own strategies have a leg up on others. The case makes the point for saturation of infrastructure, where like in railroads there was a rapid and massive building phase, followed by a capacity glut. Again the take here is with capacity overbuilt strategies must look beyond using IT as a source of advantage, but rather something that is a given, to excel at, but not to necessarily get ahead of the others, who are basically doing the same thing and enjoying the same benefits from IT. Moreover, the insight from the paper is that there is the risk that companies may continue to spend a considerable part of their funds on IT, not heeding the warning from other companies, who are not realizing returns commensurate with the level of IT inve stments. These constitute investment and operational, as well as broader risks. The lessons learned are in this area. The prescription from the article is that of greater focus on astuteness when it comes to investing in IT, focusing on such things as efficiency, and return on investments. What this means for strategy is that more care must be placed on those things that can add real value to the firm and differentiate it from others in the same field, and the warning is that IT is not the way to achieve this. It is necessary, but it will not get you very far in terms of building a sustainable source of competitive advantage. One insight from the article is that that we should look elsewhere. There are problems in terms of actually having to excel in IT as a prerequisite for succeeding, to get to the starting block, but having likewise to go beyond that and to consider

The different forms of energy that are in use in the United Kingdom Essay

The different forms of energy that are in use in the United Kingdom - Essay Example This essay discusses that like the other developed nations, various forms of energy are in use in the UK. The country is one among the countries endowed plenty of energy resources in Europe. The country has plenty of supply of energy resources like oil, gas, and coal. Other forms of energy like solar energy, hydro-electricity, wind energy, and bio-fuels are also in use in the UK. The country is highly industrialized and the expert and resources that are necessary in tapping and utilizing these energy sources are available. Nonetheless, due to the environmental impacts of coal and the petroleum products, the use of these products may be jeopardized as the government develops policies that encourage the use of renewable energy forms like biomass that are friendly to the environment. The reduced government support and the environmental policies may be the reason behind the reduced production and use of coal in the country. The country is also a producer of nuclear energy, even though it s production may be declining. The use of energy in the UK is also high with a substantial proportion of the consumer expenditure going for energy consumption. For instance, a total of â‚ ¤60.68bn was spent on energy and energy products in the UK in1999 with â‚ ¤28.63bn being derived from domestic use. The report, thus, provides detailed findings from the primary data collection and gives proper recommendations for market researchers and investors who would be interested in exploring the patterns in the UK energy market... uld be interested in exploring the patterns in the UK energy market The purpose of this MI report is to enable companies in the energy market make accurate decisions through identification of the market opportunities, the appropriate market penetration strategies, and the right market and marketing strategies. It aims at identifying the forms of energy that are in reduced production in the UK market but is currently receiving increasing demand. The research concentrated on energy for domestic and not industrial consumption. The information is particularly helpful to foreign companies that would wish to have establishment in the UK in the energy sector. By focusing on the different categories of energy producing technologies like the solar energy, geothermal/hydroelectricity, natural gas, oil and coal, the report becomes helpful to the managers in determining an environment-friendly energy investment that can survive not only in the UK but also in the global energy market. The marketi ng managers for the companies can use the information in this report to analyze the market trends and identify the key performance indicators. 2. Procedure In order to obtain the correct insight into the energy market in the UK and the appropriate marketing strategies that can be applied by a company that is willing to establish itself in the country, the researcher relied on both primary and secondary sources. The researcher also used both quantitative and qualitative data in describing the market patterns in this particular market. The author sought information on the energy forms that are used in the UK with a focus on those with declining need and those with increasing need. There was also a need to examine some of the factors that could have led to the changing patterns that are

The Motivation And Rewards Management Essay

The Motivation And Rewards Management Essay Motivation and rewards has been chosen as our topic for this assignment. Motivation and rewards is very important for any organization or even any industry. Motivation is a behavior that cannot be created but can be influence while rewards are something that the employees gained from doing a good job in their work (Thomas, 2009). AirAsia was the company that chosen for this assignment. AirAsia do implement the motivation and rewards in their company successfully. AirAsia is a low-cost airline business which had become more and more popular around the world. AirAsia was established on year 1993 and started its business in year 1996 (McNamara Troftgruben, n.d). Government owned corporation is the found of this company. AirAsia is the largest company that introducing pioneer of low-cost travel and largest low-fare and in Asia and they have their slogan which known as Now Everyone Can Fly. AirAsia is a successful example for other airline companies. It has been transformed as an unthinkable concept to be successful in airline industry. This success can be proved from a money-losing task to profitable. Although AirAsia introducing no-frills service to their customer and using second hand aircraft, but it would still be a threat for other Asia airline companies (Michael Swathe, 2011). AirAsia have a very good performance in consumer mind by offering low fares, majority on-time record for flights and maintaining staff with high productivity and work ethic. Based on the information in Indonesia Straits Times, it is stated that in August 2011, Malaysian Airline form an alliance with Air Asia but the agreement of both airlines were voided because the alliance was struck down by the Malaysian government. (Leslie Lopez, 2011) AirAsia now is a successful airline company which expand from 2 planes to 80 planes and from 200 000 passengers to over 75 million passengers in 7 years time. It is a visible success that we can see year by year. (McNamara, 2012) Content Motivation In management, motivation defined as a power to force someone to work in certain way so that it able to reach certain desired goal. As what people always said, motivated people always work harder as compare with those unmotivated people. According to Lavinsky (2012), a company should make the employees feel doing something meaningful. As a result of a survey done by BNET show that majority agrees doing something meaningful were the most motivating things about work. According to Lavinsky (2012), motivation is internal and external factors that inspire employee interest, in which they need to, listen, focus and understand employee needs and wants through an effective communication. A company manager should change the question from Whom to How. An example given by Lavinsky (2012), say How we can improved this process? rather than, Who screwed up this up? This action might able to motivate the employees so that they will be more careful for their work so that wont disappoint their company. To have motivated workers, a manager must treat workers as individual, empower employees, redesigning jobs, and provide a comfortable and flexible workplace. Below are the meaning of the effective management practices (Griffin, 2006) :- Effective management practices Description Empowering employees Empowering employees means that giving the individual in an organization authority, autonomy, trust and encouragement to complete their tasks. Redesigning jobs Redesigning jobs is one of the best motivations in the workplace. Usually individuals go to work every day doing the same routine. This makes the workers become less motivated. Something actually can be done by the managers to improve the condition before the employees become de-motivated and bored. The way that manager can use is job redesign. Concern and knowledge are required for managers and have them bring it with them to the organization and then apply motivational theories into their work to improve the productivity and satisfaction of the employees. Creating flexibility World nowadays is all about flexibility. People nowadays have too much things to take care of but they do not have enough time to do it. Employees value more about personal time. Due to the family needs, a traditional nine-to-five working hours every day except Sunday may not work for many people. Therefore, flexibility which let employees to control and set their own working hours is the best. In AirAsia point of view, they believe that their entire staff act as contributor for the company, therefore, they always been treated as a big family and equally. This is an example of empowering employees. The company will have constantly talked with their employee in order to understand their needs and wants. They will organized a monthly staff forum and create some fun programs to help them release their working stress. In the event, they also give employees an opportunity to speak out their point of view towards their working place (McNamara, 2012). According to Zhu (2010), even though the salaries gave to employees were low, but all employees were giving broad range of incentives. Such as, share offers stock options, productivity and performance-based bonus. Those motivations may give employees sense of ownership and it able to improve in effective and focused workforce. Despite that, Airasia employees are able to perform in multiple roles in flat organizational structure because the airline has implemented a flexible work rules (Zhu, 2010). This can be an example of creating flexibility. Flight attendants also can be work at check-in counter. They can change to different department after they work for one month. By doing this, the employees wont be bored to working in the same area. Flexibility will motivate the employees to work harder because they are happy with all the flexible rules given and thus, they can gain more experiences in that industry. Even though AirAsia always try to minimize their expenses cost, but they are very determined on employee work ethic. Therefore, AirAsia always provided their employees the best training and ensure that they are happy in their working place. (Foo, 2012) This can be called as redesigning jobs. As a result, AirAsia gets to establish a numbers of quality and excellence employees because the employees are sa tisfied with their jobs that are always fresh to them. Reward A reward is a scheme to support desirable behavior. Rewards can be in terms of financial and non-financial. Example of financial reward is bonus pay and example of non-financial reward is degree of achievement, opportunity to growth or even praise from the top management or manager for doing a good job. Reward is different from motivation. Reward is something that the worker or employees gain from putting effort in their jobs while motivation is something that they need to have in order to put more effort in their jobs. Intrinsic and extrinsic are the two types of rewards that can motivate employees. (Mcrill, n.d ). Types of rewards Description Intrinsic rewards Intrinsic rewards are self-administrated. An intrinsic reward refers to the motivation that comes from inside of an individual rather than from any outside rewards such as bonus, gifts and so on. It is an outcome that gives an individual personal satisfaction such as an experience after completing a job, professional growth and sense of pleasure. The individual will feel good because he or she have the feeling of learning and achieving something which can be also called as personal development. Besides that, the individual will also have the feeling of competency and self-control over her work. The motivational stimulus in intrinsic do not depends on the actions of other people. People always trust that the most powerful rewards come from a persons inside. Extrinsic rewards Extrinsic rewards are externally administrated. Extrinsic rewards are usually can be seen like financial in nature. For example, an increase in wages, special assignments or incentives for reaching some quota. In addition, extrinsic rewards can be also as simple as getting a verbal compliments, public recognition, and awards for achieving something, promotions and some other extra responsibility. The motivational stimulus in extrinsic depends on the actions of other people which is also opposite from the intrinsic rewards because it originates outside the individual. All those rewards are very important for most of the workers therefore the rewards can be motivating. They will feel they are valued or been appreciated. In every management, intrinsic reward is a must to be given to the employees. While in AirAsia, they have a very good relationship with their employees. Employees reward given by AirAsia is very worthy. Every year, some of the employees will be chosen to get free flights to different destinations if they do well in their jobs. They also provided up to 90% of discount for their employees on concession travel. This encourages employees to put more effort on their responsibility in order to get the rewards. Besides that, AirAsia awarding bonuses based upon each employees contribution to the company productivity, and expects to increase loyalty through its ESOS (Employee share awarding scheme) which will be available to all employees and it also may help employee to improve their performance. The groups management encourages open communication which creates a dynamic. AirAsia also awarding long service awards for their employees who work more than 10 years. Motivation and Rewards Although its mention above that reward is different from motivation, under some circumstances, reward able to build in motivation. In social psychological terms, it also referred as the hidden cost of rewards. According to Frey (n.d), he has using an economic concept to define this theory, which is bonus against effort. A purely price effect shown increase in bonus also can increase employee effort towards their work. In other word, motivation always link with reward. AirAsia do apply this in their management. Not only AirAsia, even other companies will do. Before they serve the customer, they do find many ways to satisfy the employees such as giving motivation and rewards. When the employees are satisfied and happy with the job, they will be more enjoying and run their tasks better. Thus, AirAsia customers will be treated in a better quality of service. Lastly, as what have discussed above, a financial or non-financial rewards might given by the company to their employee in order to motivate them to be more responsible towards their job. Example, AirAsia award bonuses to their employees based on their performance, so it is a kind of motivation that able motivate their employees to work harder in order to achieve the desired goal, which is to get the bonus. Findings Multiple roles performance of AirAsia in a flat organizational structure has the possibility as mentioned by Zhu (2010) which is to compromise the AirAsias production in the future as it evolves. The efficiency and the effectiveness on task maybe lowered when multiple tasks assign to the employee. This is because employee will feel de-motivated when the job scope assign to them is too wide for them to focus on the job. Besides that, too wide of job scope and multiple task assign to employee can lead to confusion on the job in the organization. Hence, this could possibly result in a low efficient state for the AirAsia as the organization trying to expand for a better growth and affecting the airlines productivity indirectly because the ability to perform is a short-term worthwhile competitive advantage due to over dependence on the employees (Zhu, 2010). http://business-strategy-competition.knoji.com/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-airasia/ Moreover, Air Asia receives a lot complaint from customers on their service (Solano, 2012). There are several complaints has been made from the Air Asia customers. Flight delays, unnecessary charge payment being conduct and not able to change the flight or get a refund when the customers could not make it on the booking date were some of the complaints that the customers made. There are also complaints like bad services from the staff that are in charge on the particular shift. Besides that, as what stated by Solano (2012), Air Asia did not have their own maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facility. Therefore, if Air Asia continually received the same complaints and did not make any improvements on the spot, this would result the loss of customers and also the productivity of the company. As confidence and satisfaction levels of customers drop, it affects Air Asia profitability. http://prezi.com/w-ee64ceukic/airasia/ In addition, Air Asia has fast track promotion as what mentioned by the Malaysia Airline Families. Fast track promotion actually means that it is the fastest and most direct route to achievement. Malaysia Airline Families says that if an employee worked for Air Asia since 1997, his or her salary will still remained based on the last drawn salary as of year 1997. Last drawn salary is the last drawn monthly essential salaries which also includes the pension allowance. When the payment of salaries are below their expectations and no increment that is being awarded from year to year, this could lead employees to be de-motivated from working in the organizations. Despite that, they might plan to shift to the other company that provides them with increment that they think they should have it. (Malaysiairlinefamilies, 2013) http://airasiafamilies.wordpress.com/category/experiencing-bad-services-with-airasia/ However, Air Asias employees were not unionized as been stated by Zhu (2010).Air Asia policy was mainly focused on maximizing efficiency and productivity of the company. Besides that, Air Asia also tends to keep their staff costs at a consistent level with low-cost carrier industry standards. This means that the Air Asia employees were provided with a wide range of incentives. Even though salaries offered to the employees were lower than the salaries of their rivals, at least Air Asia still offer their employees with a wide range of incentives. This shows that Air Asia still give their employees some benefits. The awards being given to the employees are the performance-based bonuses (PBB), share offers, and stock options (Zhu, 2010). http://business-strategy-competition.knoji.com/strategic-actions-adopted-by-airasia/ Other than that, pilots in Air Asia were provided with some rewards or benefits to improve the flight operation. Air Asia adopted a sector pay policy. They can both keep flight and minimum their operating time. Besides that, flight sectors can be covered as many as possible within a day. Therefore, Air Asia adopted a sector pay rather than an hourly pay scale for their pilots. Moreover, Air Asia gets to cut down the number of cabin crew or can be said by saving on employees cost is because of the absence of the in-flight services (Zhu, 2010). This can be said as a method of minimizing organizational expenses. It is a trend in the global airline industry nowadays especially in the Air Asia. http://business-strategy-competition.knoji.com/strategic-actions-adopted-by-airasia/ Recommendation We highly recommend that the management of AirAsia should reconsider their training course for their employees and provide re-training if possible. According to Adams (1998), management training courses fail because they: (i) are too generalized; (ii) fail to meet the specific needs of trainees; and (iii) fail to take into personal characteristics such as age, educational back-ground, previous work experience and willingness to participate in training. Besides that, Analoui (1997) mentioned that considering the perceptions, personal interests, objectives and preferences of trainees could result in greater understanding of training objectives. Hence, employees will have a clearer view of the roles in performing a certain task and carry it out more effectively. Role perception is one of the MARS model component which affects employees voluntary behaviour and performance. The management can kill two birds with one stone by implementing it because it will increase the effectiveness and e fficiency of the management. For example, every actions performed by the employees is in the best interest of the company and not otherwise. Besides that, AirAsias management should also further improve on their organizational (affective) commitment in the workplace. Affective commitment is the employees emotion attachment to, identification with and involvement in a particular organization. In another word, affective commitment is a persons feeling of loyalty to the place where he or she works. First and foremost, organizational commitment can be boosted via organizational comprehension. This refers to the overall comprehension of the organization, including its strategic direction, social dynamics and physical layout. For instance, giving staff information and opportunities to keep up to date about organizational events, communicate with co-workers, discover what circulating in different parts of the organization and study about organizations history and future plans. Besides that, trust is the key to unlock employees loyalty. This refers to the positive expectations that one person has towards another person or group in situation involving risk. AirAsia should increase employees job security to enhance trust that employees have in the management and the employment relationship. Last but not least, Four-drive theory can be practically applied to the management of AirAsia. The theory explains the innate drivers to acquire, bond, learn and defend and that incorporates both emotions and rationality. Besides that, emotions play a central role in employee motivation. These drives create emotions, which represent the prime mover or source of effort of individual behaviour. The first recommendation is that the management of AirAsia should create a best workplace that helps employees to fulfil all four drives. Therefore, the management should provide sufficient rewards, learning opportunities, social interaction and so forth for all employees. The second recommendation is that fulfilment of the four drives must be kept in balance; that is, AirAsia should avoid too much or too little opportunity to fulfil each drive because the four drives counterbalance each other. For example, change and novelty in the workplace will ease the drive to comprehend but too much of it will initiate the drive to defend to such extent that employees become territorial and resistant to change. Thus, it is vital for the management to provide balanced opportunity to fully utilize it. Conclusion Air Asia as known by everyone that a successful and well established airline company not only in our country Malaysia but also in the world. There have many way to define the successful of this airline company, one of it is using the correct way to manage the company, and the way is motivation and rewards towards the company, all of that we had mentioned above. Everyone knows that human capital is important for a company, and the human capital of a company means is employee of one company. A motivated and rewarded employee can be a productive employee. A productive employee can be a very profitable employee. While employees that are de-motivated, they will become less productive, less creative, and this may cause less of an asset towards the company. Now more than ever, company needs motivated employees. When the employees become more productive, the company will also become more productive, while productivity of a company increase, the profit of a company will also increase. With th is the company will stay in the competitive business and ready to go conquer the world. In this assignment, we have learned much of things, one of it is motivation and rewards are a good corporate culture that will direct a company to a successful way. Furthermore although Air Asia is a successful and well established airline company, it also may have some weaknesses that we mentioned in the findings part, but that is not a problem. We just need to find out the way to solve the problem. By this a company just can continue leading in the industry and unscathed in this kind of we call it competitive and cruel business world.